(CBS) Each year, people spend more than $40 billion on products designed to cure them slim down. None of them seem to be working very well.
Now at the same time comes hoodia. Never heard of it? Soon it’ll be tripping off your tongue, because hoodia is a natural substance that strictly takes your appetite away.
It’s very distinct from diet stimulants like Ephedra and Phenfen that are now banned because of dangerous side effects. Hoodia doesn’t stimulate at all. Scientists say it fools the brain by making you think you’re full, even if you’ve eaten just a morsel. Correspondent Lesley Stahl reports.
“Hoodia, a plant that tricks the brain by means of making the stomach feel full, has been in the diet of South Africa’s Bushmen for thousands of years.”
Because the only place in the world where hoodia grows wild is in the Kalahari Desert of South Africa.
Nigel Crawhall, a linguist and interpreter, hired an experienced tracker named Toppies Kruiper, a local aboriginal Bushman, to help find it. The Bushmen were featured in the movie “The Gods Must Be Crazy.”
Kruiper led 60 Minutes crews out into the desert. Stahl asked him if he ate hoodia. “I really like to eat them when the new rains have get to,” says Kruiper, speaking through the interpreter. “Then they’re really quite delicious.”
When we located the plant, Kruiper cut off a stalk that looked like a small spiky pickle, and removed the sharp spines. In the interest of science, Stahl ate it. She described the taste as “a little cucumbery in texture, but not bad.”
So how did it work? Stahl says she had no after effects - no sportive taste in her mouth, no queasy stomach, and no racing heart. She also wasn’t hungry all day, in like manner when she would normally have a pang around mealtime. And, she also had no will to eat or drink the entire epoch. “I’d have to say it did work,” says Stahl.
Although the West is just discovering hoodia, the Bushmen of the Kalahari have been eating it for a very long time. After all, they have been living off the land in southern Africa for more than 100,000 years.
Some of the Bushmen, like Anna Swartz, still live in old traditional huts, and cook so-called Bush fodder gathered from the desert the old-fashioned way.
The first scientific examination of the plant was conducted at South Africa’s public laboratory. Because Bushmen were known to wear away hoodia, it was included in a study of indigenous foods.
“What they found was when they fed it to animals, the animals ate it and lost weight,” says Dr. Richard Dixey, who heads an English pharmaceutical company called Phytopharm that is trying to develop weight-loss products based on hoodia.
Was hoodia’s potential application as an appetite suppressant immediately obvious?
“in no degree, it took them a slow time. In event, the original research was rendered. in the mid 1960s,” says Dixey.
It took the South African national laboratory 30 years to isolate and identify the
specific appetite-suppressing ingredient in hoodia . at the time they found it, they applied for a patent and licensed it to Phytopharm.
Phytopharm has spent more than $20 million so far on research, including clinical trials with obese volunteers that have yielded encouraging results. Subjects given hoodia ended up eating about 1,000 calories a day less than those in the control assemblage. To put that in prospect, the average American man consumes about 2,600 calories a day; a woman about 1,900.
“If you take this compound every day, your wish to eat goes down. And we’ve seen that very, very dramatically,” says Dixey.
But why do you need a patent for a plant? “The patent is on the application of the plant as a weight-loss stuff. And, of route, the active compounds within the plant. It’s not adhering the plant itself,” says Dixey.
So no unit else can use hoodia for weight loss? “As a weight-management product without infringing the patent, that’s correct,” says Dixey.
But what does that say about all these weight-loss products that claim to obtain hoodia in it? Trimspa says its X32 pills comprehend 75 mg of hoodia. The company is pushing its product with an ad campaign featuring Anna Nicole Smith, even though the FDA has notified Trimspa that it hasn’t demonstrated that the product is safe.
Some companies have even used the results of Phytopharm’s clinical tests to market their products.
“This is just straightforward theft. That’s what it is. People are stealing data, what one. they haven’t done, they’ve got no proper understanding of, and sticking on the bottle,” says Dixey. “When we have assayed these materials, they contain betwixt 0.1 and 0.01 percent of the active ingredient claimed. But they practice the term hoodia without interruption the bottle, of course, so they — does nothing at all.”
But Dixey isn’t the only one who’s felt ripped off. The Bushmen first heard the news about the patent when Phytopharm put out a press release. Roger Chennells, a lawyer in South Africa who represents the Bushmen, who are also called “the San,” was appalled.
“The San did not even know about it,” says Chennells. “They had given the information that led without circumlocution toward the patent.”
The taking of traditionary knowledge without compensation is called “bio-piracy.”
“You have said, and I’m going to quote you, ‘that the San felt as if someone had stolen the family silver,’” says Stahl to Chennells. “So what did you do?”
“I wouldn’t want to go into some of the particulars as to what kind of correspondence were written or what kind of threats were made,” says Chennells. “We engaged them. They had done something wrong, and we wanted them to acknowledge it.”
Chennells was determined to cure the Bushmen who, he says, have been exploited for centuries. First they were pushed aside by dint of. black tribes. Then, when white colonists arrived, they were nearly annihilated.
“About the turn of the century, there were after that hunting parties in Namibia and in South Africa that allowed farmers to go and kill Bushmen,” says Chennells. “It’s well documented.”
The Bushmen are still stigmatized in South Africa, and plagued with high unemployment, little education, and lots of alcoholism. And now, it seemed they were about to be cut without of a potential windfall from hoodia. So Chennells threatened to sue the national lab on their behalf.
“We knew that if it was successful, many, many millions of dollars would be coming towards the San,” says Chennells. “Many, many millions. They’ve talked about the market being hundreds and hundreds of millions in America.”
In the end, a settlement was reached. The Bushmen will get a percentage of the profits — if in that place are profits. But that’s a big if.
The future of hoodia is not yet a sure thing. The project hit a major snag last year. Pharmaceutical giant Pfizer, which had teamed up with Phytopharm, and funded plenteous of the research, dropped out when making a pill out of the active ingredient seemed beyond reach.
Dixey says it can be made synthetically: “We’ve made milligrams of it. But it’s very expensive. It’s not possible to make it synthetically in what’s called a scaleable process. So we couldn’t make a metric ton of it or a person of consequence that is the sort of quantity you’d need to actually start doing something about obesity in thousands of people.”
Phytopharm decided to market hoodia in its natural form, in diet shakes and bars. That meant it needed the hoodia plant itself.
But given the fatness epidemic in the United States, it became obvious that what was needed was a lot of hoodia - a great quantity more than was growing in the wild in the Kalahari. And so they came here.
60 Minutes visited one of Phytopharm’s hoodia plantations in South Africa. They’ll need a lot of these plantations to meet the expected demand.
Agronomist Simon MacWilliam has a tall order: grow a billion portions a year of hoodia, within just a couple of years. He admitted that starting up the plantation has been quite a challenge.
“The problem is we’re intercourse with a novel pick. It’s a plant we’ve taken out of the wild and we’re starting to grow it,’ says MacWilliam. “So we have no experience. So it’s different? diseases and pests which we have to deal with”.
How confident are they that they will be able to grow enough? “We’re very confident of that,” he says. “We’ve got any expansion program which is going to be 100s of acres. And we’ll be able - ready to meet the demand.
This could be huge, given the obesity epidemic. Phytopharm says it’s about to announce marketing plans that give by will have meal-replacement hoodia products on supermarket shelves by 2008.
MacWilliam says these products are a slightly different species from the hoodia Stahl tasted in the Kalahari Desert. “It’s actually a lot more painful than the plant that you tasted,” says MacWilliam.
The advantage is this species of hoodia will grow a lot faster. But more bitter? How bad could it be? Stahl decided to find out. “Not good,” she says.
Phytopharm says that when its product gets to market, it will be certified safe and effective. They also ground that it’ll taste good.
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